List of consonants

This is a list of all many consonants which can be described with a single letter in the International Phonetic Alphabet, plus some of the more common consonants which require diacritics, ordered by place and manner of articulation.

Contents 1 Ordered by place of articulation 1.1 Labial consonants 1.1.1 Bilabial consonants 1.1.2 Labiodental consonants 1.2 Coronal consonants 1.2.1 Dental consonants 1.2.2 Alveolar consonants 1.2.3 Postalveolar consonants 1.2.3.1 Palatalized postalveolar consonants 1.2.3.2 Retroflex consonants 1.3 Dorsal consonants 1.3.1 Palatal consonants 1.3.1.1 labialized palatal consonants 1.3.2 Velar consonants 1.3.2.1 labialized velar consonants 1.3.3 Uvular consonants 1.4 Radical consonants 1.4.1 Pharyngeal consonants 1.4.2 Epiglottal consonants 1.5 Glottal consonants 2 Ordered by manner of articulation 2.1 Nasal consonants 2.2 Plosive (stop) consonants 2.3 Fricative consonants 2.4 Affricate consonants 2.5 Approximant consonants 2.6 Flap (tap) consonants 2.7 Trill consonants 2.8 Ejective consonants 2.9 Implosive consonants 2.10 Click consonants 2.11 Percussive consonants 3 See also

Ordered by place of articulation

Labial consonants

Bilabial consonants

• bilabial clicks [ʘ] etc.
• bilabial nasal [m] (man)
• bilabial ejective [pʼ]
• voiced bilabial implosive [ɓ]
• voiceless bilabial plosive [p] (spin)
• voiced bilabial plosive [b] (bed)
• voiceless bilabial affricate [pɸ]
• voiced bilabial affricate [bβ]
• voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸ]
• voiced bilabial fricative [β]
• bilabial approximant [β̞]
• bilabial trill [ʙ]
• bilabial percussive [ʬ]

Labiodental consonants

• labiodental approximant [ʋ]
• labiodental nasal [ɱ] (symphony)
• voiced labiodental fricative [v] (van)
• Voiced labiodental plosive
• Voiced labiodental affricate
• voiceless labiodental fricative [f] (fan)
• voiceless rounded velarized labiodental fricative [ɧ]
• Voiceless labiodental plosive
• Voiceless labiodental affricate

Coronal consonants

Dental consonants

• dental clicks [ǀ] etc.
• dental lateral clicks [ǁ̪] etc.
• dental ejective [t̪ʼ]
• dental nasal [n̪]
• voiced dental fricative [ð] (this)
• voiced dental implosive [ɗ̪]
• voiced dental plosive [d̪]
• voiceless bidental fricative
• voiceless dental fricative [θ] (thing)
• voiceless dental plosive [t̪]
• bidental percussive [ʭ]

Alveolar consonants

• alveolar lateral clicks [ǁ] etc.
• alveolar approximant [ɹ] (red)
• alveolar ejective [tʼ]
• alveolar ejective fricative [sʼ]
• alveolar flap [ɾ]
• alveolar lateral approximant [l] (lead)
• alveolar lateral flap [ɺ]
• alveolar nasal [n] (none)
• alveolar trill [r]
• velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ]
• voiced alveolar fricative [z] (zoo)
• voiced alveolar implosive [ɗ]
• voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ɮ]
• voiced alveolar plosive [d] (done)
• voiced alveolar affricate d͡z
• voiceless alveolar grooved fricative [s] (son)
• voiceless alveolar retroflex fricative [s̱]
• voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative [θ̱]
• voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ]
• voiceless alveolar plosive [t] (ton)
• voiceless alveolar affricate t͡s
• voiceless alveolar lateral affricate [t͡ɬ]
• ejective alveolar lateral affricate [t͡ɬʼ]
• voiced alveolar lateral affricate [d͡ɮ]

Postalveolar consonants

• (post)alveolar clicks [ǃ] etc.
• voiced palato-alveolar affricate [dʒ] (jug)
• voiced palato-alveolar fricative [ʒ] (vision)
• voiceless palato-alveolar affricate [tʃ] (chip)
• voiceless palato-alveolar fricative [ʃ] (ship)

Palatalized postalveolar consonants

• voiced palatalized postalveolar fricative [ʑ]
• voiceless palatalized postalveolar fricative [ɕ]
• voiced palatalized postalveolar affricate [d̠͡ʑ]
• voiceless palatalized postalveolar affricate [t̠͡ɕ]

Retroflex consonants

• retroflex clicks [ǃ˞] etc.
• retroflex approximant [ɻ]
• retroflex flap [ɽ]
• retroflex lateral flap []
• retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ]
• voiceless retroflex lateral fricative []
• retroflex nasal [ɳ]
• voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ]
• voiced retroflex plosive [ɖ]
• voiced retroflex affricate [ɖ͡ʐ]
• voiceless retroflex fricative [ʂ]
• voiceless retroflex plosive [ʈ]
• voiceless retroflex affricate [ʈ͡ʂ],

Dorsal consonants

Palatal consonants

• palatal clicks [ǂ] etc.
• palatal approximant [j] (yes)
• palatal ejective [cʼ]
• palatal lateral approximant [ʎ]
• voiceless palatal lateral fricative []
• palatal nasal [ɲ]
• voiced palatal fricative [ʝ]
• voiced palatal implosive [ʄ]
• voiced palatal plosive [ɟ]
• voiceless palatal fricative [ç] (human, but not hum)
• voiceless palatal plosive [c]
• voiceless palatal lateral affricate [c͡]
• ejective palatal lateral affricate [c͡ʼ]

labialized palatal consonants

• labialized palatal approximant [ɥ]

Velar consonants

• velar approximant [ɰ]
• velar ejective [kʼ]
• velar lateral approximant [ʟ]
• voiceless velar lateral fricative []
• voiced velar fricative [ɣ]
• voiced velar implosive [ɠ]
• voiced velar plosive [ɡ] (get)
• voiceless velar fricative [x]
• voiceless velar plosive [k] (kick, cat)
• ejective velar lateral affricate [k͡ʼ]

labialized velar consonants

• voiced labialized velar approximant [w] (witch)
• voiceless labialized velar approximant [ʍ] (which)

Uvular consonants

• uvular ejective [qʼ]
• uvular nasal [ɴ]
• uvular trill [ʀ]
• voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]
• voiced uvular implosive [ʛ]
• voiced uvular plosive [ɢ]
• voiceless uvular fricative [χ]
• voiceless uvular plosive [q]

Radical consonants

Pharyngeal consonants

• voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕ]
• voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ]

Epiglottal consonants

• epiglottal plosive [ʡ]
• voiced epiglottal fricative [ʢ]
• voiceless epiglottal fricative [ʜ]

Glottal consonants

• murmured glottal fricative or transition [ɦ]
• voiceless glottal fricative or transition [h] (hat)
• glottal plosive [ʔ]

Ordered by manner of articulation

Nasal consonants

• alveolar nasal [n]
• bilabial nasal [m]
• dental nasal [n̪]
• labiodental nasal [ɱ]
• palatal nasal [ɲ]
• retroflex nasal [ɳ]
• uvular nasal [ɴ]
• velar nasal [ŋ]

Plosive (stop) consonants

• epiglottal plosive [ʡ]
• voiced alveolar plosive [d]
• voiced bilabial plosive [b]
• voiced dental plosive [d̪]
• voiced palatal plosive [ɟ]
• voiced retroflex plosive [ɖ]
• voiced uvular plosive [ɢ]
• voiced velar plosive [ɡ]
• voiceless alveolar plosive [t]
• voiceless bilabial plosive [p]
• voiceless dental plosive [t̪]
• voiceless glottal plosive [ʔ]
• voiceless palatal plosive [c]
• voiceless retroflex plosive [ʈ]
• voiceless uvular plosive [q]
• voiceless velar plosive [k]

Fricative consonants

• alveolar ejective fricative [sʼ]
• voiced alveolar fricative [z]
• voiced alveolar lateral fricative [ɮ]
• voiced alveolo-palatal fricative [ʑ]
• voiced bilabial fricative [β]
• voiced dental fricative [ð]
• voiced epiglottal fricative [ʢ]
• voiced glottal fricative [ɦ]
• voiced labiodental fricative [v]
• voiced palatal fricative [ʝ]
• voiced pharyngeal fricative [ʕ]
• voiced postalveolar fricative [ʒ]
• voiced retroflex fricative [ʐ]
• voiced uvular fricative [ʁ]
• voiced velar fricative [ɣ]
• voiceless alveolar fricative [s]
• voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ]
• voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative [ɕ]
• voiceless bilabial fricative [ɸ]
• voiceless dental fricative [θ]
• voiceless epiglottal fricative [ʜ]
• voiceless glottal fricative [h]
• voiceless labiodental fricative [f]
• voiceless palatal fricative [ç]
• voiceless palatal-velar fricative [ɧ]
• voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ħ]
• voiceless postalveolar fricative [ʃ]
• voiceless retroflex fricative [ʂ]
• voiceless uvular fricative [χ]
• voiceless velar fricative [x]

Affricate consonants

• voiced postalveolar affricate [dʒ]
• voiceless postalveolar affricate [tʃ]
• voiceless alveolar affricate [ts]

Approximant consonants

• alveolar approximant [ɹ]
• alveolar lateral approximant [l]
• bilabial approximant [β̞]
• labio-palatal approximant [ɥ]
• labio-velar approximant (voiced) [w]
• labio-velar approximant (voiceless) [ʍ]
• labiodental approximant [ʋ]
• palatal approximant [j]
• palatal lateral approximant [ʎ]
• retroflex approximant [ɻ]
• retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ]
• velar approximant [ɰ]
• velar lateral approximant [ʟ]
• velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ]

Flap (tap) consonants

• alveolar flap [ɾ]
• alveolar lateral flap [ɺ]
• retroflex flap [ɽ]

Trill consonants

• alveolar trill [r]
• bilabial trill [ʙ]
• uvular trill [ʀ]

Ejective consonants

• alveolar ejective fricative [sʼ]
• alveolar ejective [tʼ]
• bilabial ejective [pʼ]
• dental ejective [t̪ʼ]
• palatal ejective [cʼ]
• uvular ejective [qʼ]
• velar ejective [kʼ]

Implosive consonants

• voiced alveolar implosive [ɗ]
• voiced bilabial implosive [ɓ]
• voiced dental implosive [ɗ̪]
• voiced palatal implosive [ʄ]
• voiced uvular implosive [ʛ]
• voiced velar implosive [ɠ]

Click consonants

• bilabial clicks [ʘ] etc.
• labiodental clicks [ʘ̪] etc.
• dental clicks [ǀ] etc.
• dental lateral clicks [ǁ̪] etc.
• (post)alveolar clicks [ǃ] etc.
• alveolar lateral clicks [ǁ] etc.
• retroflex clicks [ǃ˞] etc.
• palatal clicks [ǂ] etc.

Percussive consonants

• bilabial percussive [ʬ]
• bidental percussive [ʭ]

See also

• Consonant
• List of phonetics topics

International Phonetic Alphabet   IPA topics IPA International Phonetic Association · History of the IPA · Kiel convention (1989) · Journal of the IPA (JIPA) · Naming conventions Phonetics Diacritics · Segments · Tone letter · Place of articulation · Manner of articulation Special topics Extensions to the IPA · Obsolete and nonstandard symbols · IPA chart for English dialects Encodings SAMPA · X-SAMPA · Conlang X-SAMPA · Kirshenbaum · TIPA · Phonetic symbols in Unicode · WorldBet   Consonants IPA pulmonic consonants chartchart image • audio Place → Labial Coronal Dorsal Radical Glottal ↓ Manner Bila​bial Labio​dental Den​tal Alve​olar Post​alv. Retro​flex Pal​a​tal Ve​lar Uvu​lar Pha​ryn​geal Epi​glot​tal Glot​tal Nasal m̥ m ɱ n̪ n̥ n n̠ ɳ ɲ̥ ɲ ŋ̊ ŋ ɴ Plosive p b p̪ b̪ t̪ d̪ t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʡ ʔ Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ ʜ ʢ h ɦ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Trill ʙ r ɽ͡r ʀ я * Flap or tap ⱱ̟ ⱱ ɾ ɽ ɢ̆ ʡ̯ Lateral Fric. ɬ ɮ ɭ˔̊ ʎ̥˔ ʟ̝̊ ʟ̝ Lateral Appr. l ɭ ʎ ʟ Lateral flap ɺ ɺ̠ ʎ̯ Non-pulmonic consonants Clicks ʘ ǀ ǃ ǂ ǁ Implosives ɓ ɗ ʄ ᶑ ɠ ʛ Ejectives pʼ tʼ cʼ ʈʼ kʼ qʼ fʼ θʼ sʼ ɬʼ xʼ χʼ tsʼ tɬʼ cʎ̝̥ʼ tʃʼ ʈʂʼ kxʼ kʟ̝̊ʼ Affricates p̪f b̪v ts dz tʃ dʒ tɕ dʑ ʈʂ ɖʐ tɬ dɮ cç ɟʝ cʎ̥˔ kʟ̝̊ Co-articulated consonants Fricatives ɕ ʑ ɧ Approximants ʍ w ɥ ɫ Stops k͡p ɡ͡b ŋ͡m These tables contain phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] Where symbols appear in pairs, left—right represent the voiceless—voiced consonants. Shaded areas denote pulmonic articulations judged to be impossible. * Symbol not defined in IPA. Chart image Pulmonics · Non-pulmonics  · Affricates · Co-articulated   Vowels Front Near-​front Central Near-​back Back Close •iy •ɨʉ •ɯu •ɪʏ •ɪ̈ʊ̈ •ʊ •eø •ɘɵ •ɤo •e̞ø̞ ə •ɤ̞o̞ •ɛœ •ɜɞ •ʌɔ •æ ɐ •aɶ •ä •ɑɒ Near-close Close-mid Mid Open-mid Near-open Open Vowels: IPA help • chart •  chart with audio • view